Electrons Are The Common Universal Constituents of All Atoms

It has been shown by Thomson that the electrons emitted in the cathode rays have the same e/m value (= -1.758*108 coulomb g.), irrespective of the nature of the material of the cathode and that of the gas taken in the discharge tube. Similarly it has been shown by Millikan that the value of e for the electrons is also the same (= -1.602*10-18 coulomb),irrespective of the gas used in the experiment. From these observations it can be concluded that electrons are present in all forms of matter and are common or universal constitutions of all atoms.